近期中国科学院武汉病毒研究所石正丽研究员带领的包括Ecohealth Alliance、Australian Animal Health Laboratory、One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis、华东师范大学和Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore在内的国际研究团队分离到一株与SARS(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus)病毒高度同源的SARS样冠状病毒（SARS-like CoV），进一步证实中华菊头蝠是SARS病毒的源头。

SARS冠状病毒是造成2002-2003年SARS暴发的病原，造成全球8094人感染和774人死亡的重大疫情。已有的流行病学证据和生物信息学分析显示，野生动物市场上的果子狸是SARS冠状病毒的直接来源。虽然在世界各地包括非洲、欧洲和中国的蝙蝠体内均发现与SARS病毒相似的SARS样冠状病毒，但这些病毒均不能利用人和果子狸的ACE2（即人SARS病毒受体）作为受体，不是SARS病毒的近亲。该团队分离的SARS样冠状病毒可以利用人、果子狸和中华菊头蝠ACE2作为其功能受体，并且能感染人、猪、猴以及蝙蝠的多种细胞。这些实验结果为中华菊头蝠是SARS冠状病毒的自然宿主提供了更为直接的证据。这些最新结果发表在2013年国际著名学术期刊Nature。这也是该团队继2005年在Science上发表“蝙蝠是SARS样冠状病毒自然宿主”之后在此领域的又一项重大突破。

研究人员称，尽管蝙蝠携带多种病毒，但这些蝙蝠病毒传播到人的机会并不多。蝙蝠在自然生态中有很重要的作用，它们传播花粉，是害虫的天敌，从不主动攻击人类。保护蝙蝠等野生动物的生存环境是远离野生动物病原感染的最好方式。

该项目得到国家973和基金委重大项目等资助。(生物谷Bioon.com)

生物谷推荐的英文摘要

Nature      doi:10.1038/nature12711

Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor

Xing-Yi Ge, Jia-Lu Li, Xing-Lou Yang, Aleksei A. Chmura, Guangjian Zhu, Jonathan H. Epstein, Jonna K. Mazet, Ben Hu,Wei Zhang, Cheng Peng, Yu-Ji Zhang, Chu-Ming Luo, Bing Tan, Ning Wang, Yan Zhu, Gary Crameri, Shu-Yi Zhang,Lin-Fa Wang, Peter Daszak& Zheng-Li Shi

The 2002–3 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was one of the most significant public health events in recent history. An ongoing outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus suggests that this group of viruses remains a key threat and that their distribution is wider than previously recognized. Although bats have been suggested to be the natural reservoirs of both viruses, attempts to isolate the progenitor virus of SARS-CoV from bats have been unsuccessful. Diverse SARS-like coronaviruses (SL-CoVs) have now been reported from bats in China, Europe and Africa, but none is considered a direct progenitor of SARS-CoV because of their phylogenetic disparity from this virus and the inability of their spike proteins to use the SARS-CoV cellular receptor molecule, the human angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)9, 10. Here we report whole-genome sequences of two novel bat coronaviruses from Chinese horseshoe bats (family: Rhinolophidae) in Yunnan, China: RsSHC014 and Rs3367. These viruses are far more closely related to SARS-CoV than any previously identified bat coronaviruses, particularly in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein. Most importantly, we report the first recorded isolation of a live SL-CoV (bat SL-CoV-WIV1) from bat faecal samples in Vero E6 cells, which has typical coronavirus morphology, 99.9% sequence identity to Rs3367 and uses ACE2 from humans, civets and Chinese horseshoe bats for cell entry. Preliminary in vitro testing indicates that WIV1 also has a broad species tropism. Our results provide the strongest evidence to date that Chinese horseshoe bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-CoV, and that intermediate hosts may not be necessary for direct human infection by some bat SL-CoVs. They also highlight the importance of pathogen-discovery programs targeting high-risk wildlife groups in emerging disease hotspots as a strategy for pandemic preparedness.

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